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Both the Leuckart route and reductive amination (e.g. Ephedrine may also be extracted from the plant Ephedra vulgaris L. Both ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are commercially available and are used in certain medicinal products. (1 R,2 S)-2-methylamino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol, or by reduction of d-pseudoephedrine, i.e. The S-enantiomer is most commonly produced by reduction of l-ephedrine, i.e.

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methamphetamine, crack cocaine) are much more addictive and more likely to cause problems when consumed in this way than when taken orally. When methamphetamine is smoked it reaches the brain much more quickly. HIV and hepatitis) as are found with other injectable drugs such as heroin. Injection of methamphetamine carries the same viral infection hazards (e.g. These effects may outlast drug use, although often they resolve eventually. Some of the symptoms resemble those of paranoid schizophrenia. Dependence - as shown by increased tolerance - results in deficits in memory and in decision-making and verbal reasoning. Chronic use of methamphetamine causes neurochemical and neuroanatomical changes. Acute intoxication causes serious cardiovascular disturbances as well as behavioural problems that include agitation, confusion, paranoia, impulsivity and violence. Analysis of methamphetamine in urine is confounded because it is a metabolite of certain medicinal products (e.g. In most fatal poisonings the blood concentration is above 0.5 mg/L. Fatalities directly attributed to methamphetamine are rare. The major metabolites include 4-hydroxymethamphetamine and amphetamine. The plasma half-life is about nine hours. It is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, and maximum plasma levels are in the range 0.001–0.005 mg/L. The therapeutic dose of the S-isomer is up to 25 mg orally. The S-isomer has greater activity than the R-isomer. Methamphetamine has higher potency than amphetamine, but in uncontrolled situations the effects are almost indistinguishable. It increases the activity of the noradrenergic and dopamine neurotransmitter systems. Later, users may feel irritable, restless, anxious, depressed and lethargic. Following oral use, the effects usually start within 30 minutes and last for many hours.

It suppresses appetite and fatigue and leads to insomnia.

Methamphetamine is a CNS stimulant that causes hypertension and tachycardia with feelings of increased confidence, sociability and energy. Tablets containing methamphetamine may carry logos similar to those seen on MDMA and other ecstasy tablets. Illicit products mostly consist of powders, but the pure crystalline hydrochloride is known as 'ice'. The most common salt is the hydrochloride ( CAS-51-57-0), which occurs as a white or off-white powder or as crystals soluble in water. Methamphetamine base is a colourless volatile oil insoluble in water. These two forms were previously called the - or l- stereoisomer and the - or d-stereoisomer, but in modern usage are defined as the R- and S-stereoisomers. The asymmetric α-carbon atom gives rise to two enantiomers. Thus, methamphetamine is N,α-dimethyl phenethylamine.Īccording to IUPAC, the fully systematic name is N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine. Methamphetamine ( CAS-537-46-2) is a member of the phenethylamine family, which includes a range of substances that may be stimulants, entactogens or hallucinogens. It is under international control and closely related to amphetamine. First manufactured in Japan in 1919, methamphetamine has some limited therapeutic use, but most is manufactured in clandestine laboratories, particularly in the USA and the Far East. Normally seen as a white powder, it acts as a stimulant of the central nervous system (CNS).